Authority

• Excommunication — The penalty of major excommunication imposed automatically (ipso facto) for unauthorized printing or alteration of the Vulgate text
• Imprimatur and Ecclesiastical Censorship — The system of ecclesiastical approval required before printing sacred books, including the role of censors, ordinaries, and religious superiors, as decreed by Trent and enforced by papal bulls
• Lay Investiture Controversy — The conflict over whether secular rulers could confer ecclesiastical insignia (staff and ring) on bishops — a key issue of ecclesial independence
• Papal and Royal Authority (Two Luminaries) — Pope Innocent III's symbolic reading of the two great luminaries as the Pontifical authority (sun/spiritual) and royal power (moon/carnal), with the difference between them as great as between sun and moon