Rulers
- Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) — King of Macedon, conqueror
- Alfonso V of Aragon (1396–1458) — King of Aragon and Naples
- Ancus Marcius — Roman king
- Belshazzar (d. 539 BC) — King of Babylon
- Caesar Augustus (63 BC–14 AD) — First Roman emperor
- Caligula (12–41 AD) — Roman emperor
- Charlemagne (c. 742–814) — King of the Franks, Holy Roman Emperor
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) — Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain
- Constantine V Copronymus (718–775) — Byzantine Emperor, iconoclast
- Corvinus — Roman named from the raven
- Croesus (c. 595–c. 546 BC) — King of Lydia, proverbially wealthy
- Cyrus the Great (c. 600–530 BC) — King of Persia, conqueror of Babylon
- Dagobert I (c. 603–639) — King of the Franks
- Darius (550–486 BC) — King of Persia
- Diocletian (c. 244–311) — Roman Emperor
- Duke of Alba (1507–1582) — Spanish general and governor of the Netherlands
- Emperor Aurelian (214–275) — Roman Emperor (270–275)
- Emperor Commodus (161–192) — Roman Emperor
- Emperor Hadrian (76–138) — Roman Emperor
- Emperor Justinian (c. 482–565) — Byzantine Emperor
- Emperor Severus (145–211) — Roman Emperor
- Emperor Theodosius (347–395) — Roman Emperor
- Emperor Valens (328–378) — Roman Emperor (364–378), supporter of Arianism
- Empress Eudocia (c. 401–460) — Byzantine Empress, poet
- Evil-Merodach (d. 560 BC) — King of Babylon; succeeded Nebuchadnezzar
- Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106–48 BC) — Roman general and statesman; subjugated Judea
- Hannibal (247–183/181 BC) — Carthaginian general
- Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1050–1106) — Holy Roman Emperor
- Henry VIII of England (1491–1547) — King of England
- Inachus (mythological) — Legendary first king of Argos
- Julian the Apostate (331–363) — Roman Emperor (361–363), apostate from Christianity
- Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) — Roman dictator, conqueror
- Leo III the Isaurian (c. 685–741) — Byzantine Emperor, iconoclast
- Louis the Pious (778–840) — Holy Roman Emperor, son of Charlemagne
- Maximian (c. 250–310) — Roman Emperor
- Nebuchadnezzar (c. 634–562 BC) — King of Babylon; destroyed Jerusalem
- Nero (37–68) — Roman Emperor
- Ninus (legendary) — Legendary founder of the Assyrian monarchy
- Ogyges (mythological) — Legendary king associated with a primeval flood
- P. Cornelius Scipio — Roman nobleman; grandfather of Scipio Africanus
- P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC) — Roman general; defeated Hannibal
- Philip II of Spain (1527–1598) — King of Spain, sovereign of the Low Countries
- Phoroneus (mythological) — Legendary king of Argos
- Ptolemy I Soter (c. 367–283/282 BC) — King of Egypt; founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty
- Ptolemy Philadelphus (309–246 BC) — King of Egypt (Ptolemaic dynasty)
- Robert of Sicily (1277–1343) — King of Naples and Sicily
- Seleucus (c. 358–281 BC) — Founder of the Seleucid dynasty
- Semiramis (legendary) — Legendary co-founder of the Assyrian monarchy
- Servius Tullius — Roman king
- Sesostris — Pharaoh (legendary)
- Shalmaneser (d. 722 BC) — King of Assyria; deported the 10 tribes
- Titus Manlius Torquatus — Roman consul